Science+-+Grade+09

= Delaware Standards: Science - Grade 9 =

DE.1. Nature and Application of Science and Technology

 * **1.1.** || **Understandings and Abilities of Scientific Inquiry** ||

[|China Tries to Clear The Air] In preparation for the 2008 Olympic Games, Beijing tries to improve its air quality by imposing strict guidelines to limit pollution coming from automobiles and factories.
 * ||  || **1.1.A.1.** || **Be able to: Identify and form questions that generate a specific testable hypothesis that guide the design and breadth of the scientific investigation. (Level: Essential** ||

[|Mathletes] From the formula used to figure figure-skating scores to the calculus used to figure instantaneous velocities in a speed-skating race, arithmetic and math are part of every Winter Olympic event and every move Olympic athletes make on snow or ice. NSF-funded mathematician Edward Burger from Williams College explains some of the math you can see in Olympic sports, with assistance from figure-skating expert and sports scientist Deborah King of Ithaca College, and U.S. hockey player Ryan Miller.
 * **1.1.C.1. - Be able to: Collect accurate and precise data through the selection and use of tools and technologies appropriate to the investigations. Display and organize data through the use of tables, diagrams, graphs, and other organizers that allow analysis and comparison with known information and allow for replication of results. (Level: Essential)** ||  ||

[|Cybercrime: Few Ways to Police Cyberspace] The world's legal systems are woefully inadequate in policing the internet, where sales fraud and ID theft can be committed, globally, in seconds. Some law schools are developing a new specialty: Cyberspace Law. [|Re-Animating Dinosaurs: Using Digital Technology on Prehistoric Bones] Scientists use digital scanning on dinosaur bones and 3-D aerial photography of dinosaur footprints at dig sites to get more accurate idea of what dinosaurs looked like and how they moved. [|Science of NFL Football: Kinematics - Position, Velocity & Acceleration] Science of NFL Football" is a 10-part video series funded by the National Science Foundation and produced in partnership with the National Football League. In this segment, NBC's Lester Holt and former NFL running back Deuce McAllister explore kinematics on the playing field. NSF-funded scientists Tony Schmitz from the University of Florida and John Ziegert of Clemson University explain how the kinematic concepts of position, velocity and acceleration can be used to define how a running back moves. [|Science of NFL Football: Newton's Second Law of Motion] NBC's Lester Holt and former NFL kicker, Morten Andersen, look at what s really behind powerful field goal kicks - Newton s Second Law of Motion. "Science of NFL Football" is a 10-part video series funded by the National Science Foundation and produced in partnership with the National Football League. [|Science of NFL Football: Pythagorean Theorem] NBC's Lester Holts explores the path a defender must take in order to tackle a ball carrier, and how this distance - called the "angle of pursuit" - can be calculated by using the Pythagorean Theorem to find the hypotenuse of a right triangle, and the distance of a defender's angle of pursuit. "Science of NFL Football" is a 10-part video series funded by the National Science Foundation and produced in partnership with the National Football League. [|Teaching Physics: How Do You Think it Works? How Does it Work?] High school science teacher Jim Minstrell teaches physics by having students test their pre-conceptions about how things -- for example, electrical circuits -- work.
 * **1.1.F.1.** || **Be able to: Use mathematics, reading, writing and technology when conducting scientific inquiries. (Level: Essential**) ||


 * ==**1.2.**== || ==**Science, Technology, and Society**== ||

[|Aerial Physics: Aerial Skiing] Behind the breath-taking twists and turns of Olympic Freestyle Aerials is the science of angular momentum and moment of inertia. NSF-funded physicist Paul Doherty, Senior Scientist at The Exploratorium in San Francisco, and Olympic aerialist Emily Cook, explain and demonstrate 'cat twists' and 'contact twists.' [|Air Lift: Ski Jump] Ski-jumping--hurtling down a ramp at speeds of 60 mph, then soaring through the air--is an excellent illustration of the aerodynamic forces of lift and drag. NSF-funded scientists Paul Doherty, of The Exploratorium in San Francisco, and physicst George Tuthill of Plymouth State University, explain, along with U.S. ski team members Todd Lodwick and Bill Demong. [|Banking on Speed: Bobsled] An Olympic bobsled run, from starting push through icy turns to the finish line, is used to illustrate acceleration, velocity, gravity, and drag--physics principles explained by NSF-funded scientists Paul Doherty of The Exploratorium in San Francisco, sports scientist Deborah King of Ithaca College, and physicist George Tuthill of Plymouth State University, along with bobsled designer Bob Cuneo and three members of the U.S. Bobsled Team: Steve Holcomb, Steve Mesler and Curt Tomasevicz. [|Bill Gates Discussed the Dawn of the Internet Age] NBC's Tom Brokaw speaks to billionaire Microsoft founder Bill Gates in the early days of the Internet Age. Gates predicts how his company will take advantage of the Internet boom and comments on the industry's gold rush. [|Cellular Phone Invasion Shows No Sign of Slowing Down] Cellphones are everywhere and some people have had enough. [|How Semiconductors Are Made] NBC Science correspondent robert Bazell does a step-by-step demonstraction of how semiconductors -- complex electrical circuits on tiny silicon wafers, or microchips -- are made. [|Inventor of Pong Talks about Video Game Industry] Nolan Bushnell, creator of Pong, the first videogame, and company founder of Atari, talks to NBC's Jane Pauley about the video game industry, and personal robots. [|It IS Rocket Science: Texas HS Students Build Rockets] Texas science teacher Brett Williams inspires his high school to learn and apply math and physics to design, build, and launch rockets. Past rockets broke the sound barrier and reached the edge of space. [|Lasers Being Used in Biomed Research; as Cancer Treatment] Lasers -- concentrated beams of light at the same frequency -- are used in more biomedical and genetic research, and as an experimental treatment for some kinds of cancer. [|MIT Robot Can React, Respond, to Human Facial Expressions] [|OK, Atoms, Say Cheese: Molecular Structures Photographed at Cornell Lab] In 1982, scientists at Cornell University use x-ray bursts generated by a particle accelerator to capture images of the microscopic molecular structures of compounds, proteins and other materials.
 * || **1.2.A.** || **The pursuit of science can generate the need for advanced technology. Advanced technology, in turn, can provide the opportunity to pursue new scientific knowledge. (Level: Important)** ||

[|1979 High School Science Award Winners Explain Their Discoveries, Inventions] Three student winners of 1979 Westinghouse Science Awards explain their studies on gravitational effects on electric fields, a cure for poison ivy, and an electrodes device for use in open-heart surgery. [|California Leads Country in Environmental Awareness] The state of California leads the nation in reducing greenhouse gases, encouraging energy-efficient building, buying hybrid cars, using biofuels, installing solar roofs and raising public awareness of global warming. [|How NAFTA Will Affect Environment] Two coal burning power plants in Mexico will pollute more than 30 national parks and monuments in the U.S. People for and against the plants agree that if NAFTA passes there will be expolsive growth and significant environmental impact in the U.S. and Mexico. [|Wetland Protection Rollbacks] The Bush administration opens millions of acres of wetlands to development.
 * **1.2.B.** || **The social, economic, and political forces of a society have a significant influence on what science and technology programs are pursued, funded, and implemented. (Level: Important)** ||


 * ==1.3.== || ==History and Context of Science== ||


 * 1**.3.A.** || **New disciplines of science emerge as older disciplines interface into an integrated study of the natural world. As the body of scientific knowledge grows, the boundaries between individual disciplines diminish. (Level: Compact)** ||

[|"Best Idea America Ever Had" --Ken Burns on the National Parks] In an interview with NBC anchor Brian Williams, filmmaker Ken Burns notes the history, beauty and value of America's National Parks, and shows excerpts from his new PBS series on the nation's parks system. [|20th Century Zap Guns: Experiments With Laser Weapons] In 1981, scientists at Lawrence Livermore Lab work on laser weapons and weapon systems, splitting and then focusing laser beams on targets, and engineering controlled fusion explosions. [|25th Anniversary Moon Landing] Astronomer Carl Sagan, John Glenn, and others remember the excitement when Apollo 11 landed on the moon. [|Breakthrough in Cancer Therapy Approved] A prostate cancer treatment which uses the body's immune system to fight the disease has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. [|Darwin: Introduction to "The Orgin of Species"] [|First Step Toward a Cure? Anti-Epilepsy Drug Seems to Reduce HIV in White Blood Cells] An anti-epilepsy drug reduces levels of HIV, the AIDS virus, in the white blood cells of a few patients, the first step in what might be the eventual development of a cure. [|First Chimp in Orbit] Scientists and technicians prepare to orbit Enos, a five-year-old chimpanzee around Earth. This preliminary, all-important step in space research precedes man's travel into orbit. [|Hawaii's Erupting Volcanoes: Spectacular, Unpredictable] The Kilauea volcano is the most studied in the world, but even studying its spectacular eruptions and lava flows, geologists cannot yet predict the time or break-out point of volcanic eruptions.


 * == DE.2. == || == Materials and Their Properties == ||


 * **2.1.** || **Properties and Structure of Materials** ||


 * **2.1.A.** || **All matter is composed of minute particles called atoms. Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus. In the nucleus, there are neutrons with no electrical charge and positively charged protons. Negatively charged electrons surround the nucleus and overall, the atom is electrically neutral. (Level: Essential)** ||

[|Crystals, Bouncing X Rays and Atoms: An American Chemist and the Nobel Prize] A profile of Herbert Haupman, one of two American scientists awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery of molecular magnification. [|2008 May Set Record for Tornadoes: Devastation in Iowa and Minnesota] Almost 1,000 tornadoes are reported in the U.S. in first five months of 2008, the latest hitting hard in the midwest. NBC WeatherPlus Meteorologist Jeff Ranieri explains how tornadoes form. [|World's Largest Atom Smasher Fires Up in Chicago] The world's largest atom smasher -- a particle accelerator and collider -- begins operations at Fermilab in Chicago, advancing understanding of the atomic nucleus.


 * **2.1.B.** || **Elements and compounds are pure substances. Elements cannot be decomposed into simpler materials by chemical reactions. Elements can react to form compounds. Elements and/or compounds may also be physically combined to form mixtures. (Level: Essential)** ||

[|Computer Modeling Lets Drug Researchers See, Re-Design, Molecules] Computer imaging of molecules, enzymes and proteins helps drug researchers modify them for more effective binding into chemical compounds that will make more effective pharmaceuticals. [|The Science of Skis] Skis used by Olympic Alpine and Nordic skiers are made of fiberglass and polymers, engineered by materials scientists to give skis used in different events the flexibility, stability and torsional rigidity required. NSF-funded scientists Melissa Hines, Director of the Cornell University Center for Materials Research, and Kathy Flores, an Ohio State University materials scientist, explain how skis are made, from the core to the ski base, with help from three members of the U.S Olympic Ski Team: Julie Mancuso, Scott Macartney and Ted Ligety.


 * **2.1.C.** || **Isotopes of a given element differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Their chemical properties remain essentially the same. (Level: Important)** ||